References

Airway Management Complications in Children with Difficult Tracheal Intubation
Fiadjoe, J. E., Nishisaki, A., Jagannathan, N., Hunyady, A. I., Greenberg, R. S., et al. (2015). Airway management complications in children with difficult tracheal intubation from the Pediatric Difficult Intubation (PeDI) registry: A prospective cohort analysis. Lancet Respir Med, 3(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00508-1
Study Name: PeDI (Pediatric Difficult Intubation) Registry

2022 ASA Practice Guidelines for the Management of the Difficult Airway
Apfelbaum, J. L., Hagberg, C. A., Connis, R. T., Abdelmalak, B. B., Agarkar, M., et al. (2022). 2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway. Anesthesiology, 136(1), 31–81. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000004002
Study Name: ASA Difficult Airway Guidelines 2022

2024 ESAIC and BJA Joint Guidelines on Airway Management in Neonates and Infants
Disma, N., Asai, T., Cools, E., Cronin, A., Engelhardt, T., et al. (2024). Airway management in neonates and infants: ESAIC and BJA joint guidelines. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 41(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/EJA.0000000000001928
Study Name: NECTARINE (Neonatal Critical Airway Registry)

A Comparison of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine and Oral Midazolam for Premedication
Yuen, V. M., Hui, T. W., Irwin, M. G., & Yuen, M. K. (2008). A comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam for pediatric premedication: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg, 106(6), 1715–1721. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e31816c8929

Pharmacokinetic Model-Driven Infusion of Propofol in Children
Marsh, B., White, M., Morton, N., & Kenny, G. N. (1991). Pharmacokinetic model-driven infusion of propofol in children. Br J Anaesth, 67(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/67.1.41

Single-Dose Dexmedetomidine Reduces Agitation After Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Children
Ibacache, M. E., Muñoz, H. R., Brandes, V., & Morales, A. L. (2004). Single-dose dexmedetomidine reduces agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children. Anesth Analg, 98(1), 60–63. https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ANE.0000100149.81741.A7

Anesthesia-Related Cardiac Arrest in Children: POCA Registry Update
Bhananker, S. M., Ramamoorthy, C., Geiduschek, J. M., Posner, K. L., Domino, K. B., Haberkern, C. M., Campos, J. S., & Morray, J. P. (2007). Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children: Update from the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest (POCA) Registry. Anesth Analg, 105(2), 344–350. https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000268712.00756.dd
Study Name: POCA (Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest) Registry

Incidence of Severe Critical Events in Pediatric Anesthesia: APRICOT Study
Habre, W., Disma, N., Virag, K., Becke, K., Hansen, T. G., Jöhr, M., Leva, B., Morton, N. S., Vermeulen, P. M., Zielinska, M., Boda, K., & Veyckemans, F. (2017). Incidence of severe critical events in pediatric anesthesia (APRICOT): A prospective multicenter observational study in 261 hospitals in Europe. Lancet Respir Med, 5(5), 412–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30116-9
Study Name: APRICOT (Anaesthesia PRactice In Children Observational Trial)

Perioperative Critical Events and Morbidity in Neonates and Infants: NECTARINE Study (UK Subgroup)
Walker, S. M., Engelhardt, T., Ahmad, N., Dobby, N., & UK Collaborators. (2022). Perioperative critical events and morbidity associated with anesthesia in early life: Subgroup analysis of United Kingdom participation in the NECTARINE study. Pediatr Anesth, 32(7), 801–814. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14457
Study Name: NECTARINE (Neonate and Children AudiT of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe)

Early Exposure to Anesthesia and Learning Disabilities
Wilder, R. T., Flick, R. P., Sprung, J., Katusic, S. K., Barbaresi, W. J., Mickelson, C., Gleich, S. J., Schroeder, D. R., Weaver, A. L., & Warner, D. O. (2009). Early exposure to anesthesia and learning disabilities in a population-based birth cohort. Anesthesiology, 110(4), 796–804. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000344728.34332.5d

Neurodevelopmental Outcome After Regional vs. General Anesthesia: GAS Trial
Davidson, A. J., Disma, N., de Graaff, J. C., Withington, D. E., Dorris, L., Bell, G., Stargatt, R., Bellinger, D. C., Schuster, T., Arnup, S. J., Hardy, P., Hunt, R. W., Takagi, M. J., Giribaldi, G., Hartmann, P. L., Salvo, I., Morton, N. S., von Ungern-Sternberg, B. S., Locatelli, B. G., & Wilton, N. (2016). Neurodevelopmental outcome at two years of age after general and awake-regional anesthesia in infancy: A randomized controlled trial. Lancet, 387(10015), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00608-X
Study Name: GAS (General Anesthesia vs. Spinal) Trial

Single Anesthesia Exposure and Neurocognitive Outcomes: PANDA Study
Sun, L. S., Li, G., Miller, T. L. K., Salorio, C., Byrne, M. W., Bellinger, D. C., Ing, C., Park, R., Radcliffe, J., Hays, S. R., DiMaggio, C. J., Cooper, T. J., Rauh, V., Maxwell, L. G., & McGowan, F. X. (2016). Association between a single general anesthesia exposure before age 36 months and neurocognitive outcomes in later childhood. JAMA, 315(21), 2312–2320. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.6967
Study Name: PANDA (Pediatric Anesthesia Neurodevelopment Assessment) Study

Pain and Its Effects in the Human Neonate and Fetus
Grunau, R. E., Whitfield, M. F., & Petrie, J. H. (1995). Pain sensitivity and temperament in extremely low-birth-weight premature toddlers and preterm and full-term controls. Pain, 61(2), 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(94)00108-6

Race, Postoperative Complications, and Death in Apparently Healthy Children
Nguyen, C. A., Nunn, A. L., Hornik, C. P., McKeown, R. E., & Smith, P. B. (2022). Racial disparities in postoperative complications and mortality in apparently healthy children. JAMA Pediatr, 176(4), e220317. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.0317

Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS): Validation and Clinical Application
Spence, K. J., Voepel-Lewis, T., Merkel, S. I., & Malviya, S. (2002). The modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS): Validation and clinical application. J Clin Anesth, 14(2), 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0952-8180(01)00218-6

Effect of Neonatal Circumcision on Pain Response During Subsequent Routine Vaccination
Taddio, A., Katz, J., Ilersich, A. L., & Koren, G. (1997). Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet, 349(9052), 599–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10316-0

Prevalence of Traumatic Psychological Stress Reactions in Children and Parents Following Pediatric Surgery
Turgoose, D. P., Kerr, S., De Coppi, P., Blackburn, S., Wilkinson, S., Rooney, N., Martin, R., Gray, S., & Hudson, L. D. (2021). Prevalence of traumatic psychological stress reactions in children and parents following pediatric surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 5, e001147. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001147

Complications in Pediatric Regional Anesthesia: An Analysis of More than 100,000 Blocks
Walker, B. J., Long, J. B., Sathyamoorthy, M., Birstler, J., Wolf, C., Bosenberg, A. T., Flack, S. H., Krane, E. J., Sethna, N. F., Suresh, S., Taenzer, A. H., Polaner, D. M., Martin, L., Anderson, C., Sunder, R., Adams, T., Martin, L., Pankovich, M., Sawardekar, A., Birmingham, P., … Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network Investigators (2018). Complications in Pediatric Regional Anesthesia: An Analysis of More than 100,000 Blocks from the Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network. Anesthesiology, 129(4), 721–732. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000002372
Study Name: PRAN (Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network)